Π€ΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅
Houses are built of wood, brick, stone and concrete. All the parts of such houses are produced on an industrial scale in factories and assembled on the spot. In the construction of a house the first step is to make a careful survey of the site and to examine the soil in order to find its bearing power. Next the building lines are staked out. After this the foundations are built. The excavation… Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ >
Π€ΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ)
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ № 1
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ; ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»-ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ.
1. The new tenants (ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡ) were shown a three-room flat ready for occupation. — ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Were shown — past simple passive
2. I have been in construction for many years. — Π― ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» Π² ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ
Have been — present perfect active
3. 3. An average 5-storey house is assembled in just 3 months. — Π ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ 5-ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° 3 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°
Is assembled — present simple passive.
4. We had discussed all the questions when he came to our meeting. — ΠΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Had discussed — past perfect active
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ № 2
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ; ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ 1 (Participle 1) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ II (Participle II) ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ , Ρ. Π΅. ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°-ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
1. He heard the voices coming through the open window. — ΠΠ½ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π» Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΎ
Coming — ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ I Π² ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
2. The explanation given was not complete. — ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΌ.
Given — ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ II ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°-ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
3. When burnt coal produces heat. — Π‘ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎ
Burnt — ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ I Π² ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
4. He said he had already translated the article. — ΠΠ½ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π» ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
translated — ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ II, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°-ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ № 3
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
1. Before erecting a house a lot of planning work has to be done — (has to) ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ
2. Foundation is to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil. — (to) ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ — ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΉ
3. We missed the bus but we were able to come back by the 7 o’clock train. — (were able to) ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ 7-ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΠΌ
4. When I entered the room I could hear some noise. — (could) ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π» Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΡ, Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΌ.
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ № 4
ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ 1,3,4,5 Π°Π±Π·Π°ΡΡ
Parts of a Building
1. Houses are built of wood, brick, stone and concrete. All the parts of such houses are produced on an industrial scale in factories and assembled on the spot. In the construction of a house the first step is to make a careful survey of the site and to examine the soil in order to find its bearing power. Next the building lines are staked out. After this the foundations are built. The excavation is dug for the basement and then followed by the building of the foundation walls below ground level. Foundations are to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil, to act against the action of frost and to prevent from settlement.
ΠΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°, ΠΊΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π°Ρ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π³ — ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π±Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π²ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
3. The building of a wall consists in laying down courses of bricks and bonding them together with mortar. Walls are constructed to enclose areas and to support the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid and hollow. Besides brick, stone, concrete and other natural and artificial materials are used for the construction of walls.
Π‘ΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ. ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΈ, Π±Π΅ΡΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ.
4. Floors divide the building into stages or storeys. They may be of timber or may be constructed of fire-resisting materials.
ΠΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ².
5. The whole structure is crowned by the roof, which covers the building and protects it from exposure to the weather. It ties the walls and gives strength to the structure.
Π¦Π΅Π»Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ № 6
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ 2 Π°Π±Π·Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°
What does the stability of the building depend on? — Framework.