Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ
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In 1919 he moved to the United States to work at the Westinghouse laboratory in Pittsburgh. In 1926 he received a Ph. D from the University of Pittsburgh. Zworykin found a job with Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Based on their pioneering efforts in radio, he tried to convince them to do research in television. Turning down an offer from Warner Brothers, Zworykin worked nights, fashioning his… Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ >
Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ)
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° № 1
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ 2
I. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°, ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ
Example: The news is/are bad. — ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ — ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ΅.
1. His politics are/is right wing. — ΠΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
2. Conditions in the prison are/is very poor. — Π£ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ΅.
3. This pair of jeans is/are new. — ΠΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ.
4. Classics was/ were what I wanted to study. — ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° — ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ.
II. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ
Example: He was a bit depressed yesterday but he looks happily / happier today. — ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½, Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ. (happy — happier — the happiest)
1. Zworykin was eventually/eventual hired by one of his instructors. — Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π°Π½ΡΠ» Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. (eventually — more eventually — most eventually)
2. Ann was high/highly successful in the test. — ΠΠ½Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡ. (highly — more highly — most highly)
3. He never speaks to me nice/nicely in the mornings. — ΠΠ½ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΠ±Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌ. (nicely — more nicely — most nicely)
4. Are you not as young/youngest as you used to be? — Π Π°Π·Π²Π΅ ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅? (young — younger — the youngest)
III. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ
Example: He didn’t come to some/any results. — ΠΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» Π½ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ.
1. They want to see me but she/I don’t want to see they/them. — ΠΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡ.
2. It’s their/theirs problem, not ours. — ΠΡΠΎ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°, Π° Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°.
3. They never think about other people. They only think about themselves/them. — ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ . ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅.
4. — What would you like to drink? — Oh, something/anything. Whatever you have will be fine. — Π§ΡΠΎ Π±Ρ ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π» Π²ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ? — Π, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ. Π’ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ.
IV. Π‘ΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ (1−4) Ρ (Π°-d). ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ
1. Share prices usually change on a daily basis — but often by very little.
2. The first modern Olympics took place in Athens more than a hundred years ago.
3. You will receive your exam results by post during the first few days of August.
4. Frank collects stamps in his spare time. It’s his hobby.
V. Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²
Example: mother/was/ when/ to/ my/ yesterday/ her/ busy/ went/ I /see.
My mother was busy when I went to see her yesterday.
1) marriage/a/responsibility/is/matter/and/considered/of/decision/individual.
Marriage is a matter of considered decision and individual responsibility.
2) rules/have/in/what/do/to/the/little/you/by/abide/family?
What little rules do you have to abide by in the family?
3) do/because/rather/Helen/her/is/lazy/doesn't/homework/she.
Helen doesn’t do her homework because she is rather lazy.
4) the/vote/planned/there/choice/against/changes/is/to/the.
There is the choice to vote against the planned changes.
VI. Π Π°ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ
Example: The (major) majority of students took the (examine) examination successfully.
1. She accepted my (resign) resignation but warned me that she did it because of the (economy) economic situation. — ΠΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
2. He has long hair with a (part) parting in the middle. — Π£ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅.
3. I wanted to become a millionaire by inventing a wonderful new (produce) product which would make the world a better place. — Π― Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π» ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅.
4. Nowadays (electron) electronic industry is manufacturing a wide array of electronic consumer, (industry) industrial and military products. — Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ , ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
VII. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Vladimir Zworykin
1. Vladimir Kuzmich Zworykin (July 30, 1889 — July 29, 1982) was a pioneer of television technology. Zworykin invented the iconoscope, a television transmitting tube, and the kinescope, a cathode ray tube that projects pictures it receives onto a screen. He also invented an infrared image tube and helped to develop an electron microscope.
2. Zworykin lived through many historic events. Born in Murom, Russia, in 1889 to a family of a prosperous merchant, he studied at St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. He was eventually hired by one of his instructors, Boris Rosing, who was seeking ways of extending human vision. By 1907, Rosing had developed a television system which employed a mechanical disc and a very early cathode ray tube (developed in Germany by Karl Ferdinand Braun) as a receiver. The system was primitive, but it was more electronic than mechanical. Rosing and Zworykin exhibited a television system in 1910, using a mechanical scanner on the transmitter and the electronic Braun tube in the receiver. In 1912 Zworykin graduated and was allowed to continue his education in College de France, in Paris, but World War I ruined these plans.
3. Zworykin decided to leave Russia for the United States in 1919. Zworykin lost contact with Rosing during the Revolution of 1917. Rosing continued his television research until 1931 when he was exiled to Arkhangelsk; Rosing died in exile in 1933. Zworykin carried on his work.
4. In 1919 he moved to the United States to work at the Westinghouse laboratory in Pittsburgh. In 1926 he received a Ph. D from the University of Pittsburgh. Zworykin found a job with Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Based on their pioneering efforts in radio, he tried to convince them to do research in television. Turning down an offer from Warner Brothers, Zworykin worked nights, fashioning his own crude television system. In 1923, Zworykin demonstrated his system before officials at Westinghouse and applied for a patent. All future television systems would be based on Zworykin’s 1923 patent. Zworykin describes his 1923 demonstration as «scarcely impressive» .
5. Zworykin continued in his off hours to perfect his system. He was so persistent that the laboratory guard was instructed to send him home at 2:00 in the morning if the lights of the laboratory were still on. During this time,. Zworykin managed to develop a more sophisticated picture tube called the Kinescope, which serves as the basis of the television display tubes in use today.
6. In 1929, Vladimir Zworykin invented the all electric camera tube. He called his tube «the Iconoscope». On November 18, 1929, at a convention of the Institute of Radio Engineers (the IRE), Zworykin demonstrated a television receiver containing his kinescope. Zworykin’s all-electronic television system demonstrated the limitations of the mechanical television system.
In 1952, he received the AIEE, now IEEE, Edison Medal 'For outstanding contributions to concept and design of electronic components and systems.'
Notes:
iconoscope | ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ | |
a television transmitting tube | ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ | |
a cathode ray tube | ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠ° | |
infrared image tube | ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ | |
to extend | ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ | |
a receiver | ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ | |
to exile | ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ | |
to turn down | ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡ | |
crude | ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ | |
sophisticated | ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ | |
VIII. Π£ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°
1. In 1910 Rosing and Zworykin demonstrated a television system based on the mechanical scanner and Braun’s cathode-ray tube.
2. In 1923 Zworykin patented the picture tube called the Kinescope.
3. Zworykin’s television receiver containing his kinescope proved the limitations of the mechanical television system.
IX. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ
1. What were Zworykin’s efforts aimed at when he was working for Westing house Electric corporation?
a) At doing research in television.
b) He was aimed at doing research in radio.
2. What was he awarded Edison Medal for?
a) He was awarded for his contribution to the design of electronic components and systems.
b) He was awarded for his development of the telephone.
X. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
1. By 1907 Rosing had developed a television system which employed a mechanical disk and a very early cathode-ray tube.
a) Π 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π» ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΡ.
b) Π 1907 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΡ.
2. Turning down an offer of Warner Brothers, Zvorykin worked nights, fashioning his own crude television system.
a) ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π£ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΡΠ°Π·Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» Π΄Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ.
b) ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π£ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΡΠ°Π·Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ.
3. In 1929 Vladimir Zworykin invented the all electric camera tube.
a) Π 1929 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΡ.
b) Π 1929 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ». ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π» Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΡ.
XI. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π°Π±Π·Π°ΡΡ 3 — 5 ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° «V. Zworykin»
3. ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π‘Π¨Π Π² 1919. ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ» ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Ρ Π ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ 1917 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎ 1931 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΡ Π² ΠΡΡ Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΊ; Π ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΡΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π² ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ΅ Π² 1933. ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΠ» Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ.
4. Π 1919 ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π°Π» Π² Π‘Π¨Π ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΠΈΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Π΅. Π 1926 ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΈΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³Π°. ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ» ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ Π°ΡΡ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΊ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π£ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΡΠ°Π·Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» Π΄Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ. Π 1923 ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ³Ρ Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π» Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² 1923 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°. Π‘Π°ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² 1923 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ «Π΅Π΄Π²Π° Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ».
5. Π ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π» ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π² 2 ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π² Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π΅ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π». ΠΠ° ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ , Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ.
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° № 2
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ 2
I. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ». ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ
Example: He (was able to/ can/ may) do it alone. — ΠΠ½ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½. These samples (may/have to/had better) be chosen deliberately. — ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ (ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ) ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ.
1. Morse partnered with Alfred Vail and (must/was able to/may) commercialize the technology with financial support from the US government.
2. Bell received the patent for the first telephone, but he (should/must/had to) fight numerous legal challenges.
3. That’s a really stupid idea! You (can’t/aren't able to/ might not) be serious, surely!
4. I think you (must/had better/are able to) take a pullover with you.
II. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° (Participle I, Participle II, Gerund). ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ
Example: Mary was glad to have the opportunity of talking to him about his recent journey to Madrid. (Gerund) — ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ Π² ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΈΠ΄.
Realizing that he didn’t have enough money and not wanting tΠΎ borrow from his father, he decided to sell his car. (Participle I) — ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅Π³, ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ.
1. In spite of not having a very exciting childhood, Einstein later appeared to have a vivid memory of it. (Participle I) — ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΠΠΉΠ½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π» ΠΎ Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ .
2. Not wanting to wake her, Steve left the house silently. (Participle I) — ΠΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Ρ, Π‘ΡΠΈΠ² Π±Π΅ΡΡΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π» ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°.
3. The described method was effective. (Participle II) — ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ.
4. Network hardware is made up of the physical components that connect computers. (Participle II) — Π‘Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ.
III. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ. Π£ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²
Example: Their new house hasn’t been finished/ hasn’t finished yet. — Their new house hasn’t been finished yet. (Present Perfect, Passive Voice) — ΠΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½.
1. His house was situated/ situated close to the city centre. (Past Indefinite, Passive Voice) — ΠΡΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°.
2. We feel/ are felt the shortage of space especially when all of us get together in the evening. (Present Indefinite, Active Voice) — ΠΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅.
3. Many homes reflect/ are reflected the ways of life and habits of their own. (Present Indefinite, Active Voice) — ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π· ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π².
4. The house starts to be home when it is warmed/ warms by the people who live in it, doesn’t it? (Present Indefinite, Passive Voice) — ΠΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² Π½ΡΠΌ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π»ΠΈ?
IV. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Example: Lomonosov was one of those rare minds whose scientific ideas were scores of years ahead of their time. — ΠΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ.
1. ΠΠ΄Π°, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ-ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΊΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ»Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ.
2. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎ «Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅», ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ Π°Π».
3. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°, Π΅Π΄Π° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ·ΡΡ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ.
4. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ Π»Π΅Π³ΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½Π΅Π΅.
V. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
1. Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee, is the inventor of the World Wide Web and director of the World Wide Web Consortium, which oversees its continued development. Berners-Lee was born in London. His parents, who were both mathematicians, were employed together on the team that built the Manchester Mark I, one of the earliest computers. He attended Queen’s College, Oxford University, where he built a computer with a soldering iron, TTL gates, an M6800 processor and an old television. While at Oxford, he was caught hacking with a friend and was subsequently banned from using the university computer.
2. He worked at Plessey Telecommunications Limited in 1976 as a programmer, and in 1978, he worked at the D.G. Nash Limited where he did typesetting software and an operating system.
He is now living in the Boston, Massachusetts area with his wife and two children.
3. In 1980, while an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980, Berners-Lee proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers. With help from Robert Cailliau he built a prototype system named Enquire.
4. After leaving CERN in 1980 to work at John Poole’s Image Computer Systems Ltd., he returned in 1984 as a fellow. By 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet. He used similar ideas to those underlying the Enquire system to create the World Wide Web, for which he designed and built the first web browser, editor and Web server, called httpd (short for HyperText Transfer Protocol daemon).
5. The first Web site built was at http://info.cern.ch/ and was first put online on August 6, 1991. It provided an explanation about what the World Wide Web was, how one could own a browser and how to set up a Web server. It was also the world’s first Web directory.
In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It comprised various companies willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Internet. Many of the World Wide Web Consortium’s achievements are able to be seen in many Web sites on the Internet.
6. The University of Southampton was the first to recognize Berners-Lee's contribution to developing the World Wide Web with an honorary degree in 1996 and he is currently a Chair of Computer Science at the University of Southampton’s School of Electronics and Computer Science department. and is a Senior Research Scientist there. He is a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society, an Honorary Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
In 2002, the British public named him among the 100 Greatest Britons of all time.
Notes:
to invent | ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ | |
to solder | ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡ | |
an operating system | ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° | |
to update | ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ | |
node | Π·Π΄.ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ | |
to create | ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ | |
directory | Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³, ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ | |
Web browser | Web-Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ·Π΅Ρ | |
editor | ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ | |
VI. Π£ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°
1. Manchester Mark 1, one of the earliest computers, was built by Tim Berners-Lee.
2. Tim Berners Lee was awarded by the University for his success in hacking.
3. The Enquire was built by T. Berners in collaboration with other inventors.
VII. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ
1. What did Berners-Lee build when he was studying at Queen’s College?
a) He built his own computer.
b) He built a new television.
c) He build WWW site.
2. What ideas did Berners-Lee use to create World Wide Web?
a) He used his parent’s ideas on Mark I, one of the earliest computers.
b) He used his own ideas on the development of his Enquire System.
c) He used B gate’s ideas.
3. What war to purpose of the foundation of the WWW consortium in 1994?
a) It was founded to create standards of the Internet.
b) It war founded to build Websites.
c) It was founded to develop new techniques.
VIII. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°
1. His parents, who were both mathematicians, were employed together on the team that built the Manchester Mark I, one of the earliest computers.
a) ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° I Π² ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
b) ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π»Π° ΠΠ°ΡΠΊ I, ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
2. In 1980 Burners-Lee proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.
a) Π 1980 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡ-ΠΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ.
b) Π 1980 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡ-ΠΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
3. The first Web-site provided an explanation about what the WWW was, how one could own a browser and how to set up a Wed server.
a) ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ Web-ΡΠ°ΠΉΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π» ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ WWW ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ·Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Web ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ.
b) ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ Web-ΡΠ°ΠΉΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ WWW ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ·Π΅Ρ ΠΈ Web ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ.
IX. ΠΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π±Π·Π°ΡΡ Ρ 1 ΠΏΠΎ 4
1. ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π’ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡ-ΠΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡ-ΠΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π² ΠΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² — ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊ I. ΠΠ½ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΆ ΠΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π» ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ°ΠΉΠΊΡ, ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ M6800 ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ. Π£ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΉΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ Π·Π° Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ Π°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, Π·Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
2. ΠΠ½ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈ Π’Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ½Ρ ΠΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π΄ Π² 1976, Π° Π² 1978 ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π» Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π. Π. ΠΠ°Ρ ΠΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π΄, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°.
Π‘Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½Π΅, ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ.
3. Π 1980, Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π¦ΠΠ Π (ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΉ) Ρ ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±ΡΡ 1980, ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡ-ΠΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π΅ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΠΉΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π» ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ½ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ.
4. Π 1980 ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΡΠ» ΠΈΠ· Π¦ΠΠ Π Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΡΠ»Π° ΠΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΆ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π΄, Π° Π² 1984 Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈ. Π 1989 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π¦ΠΠ Π Π±ΡΠ» ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅, Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡ-ΠΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π» Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ, ΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ½ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ Π²Π΅Π±-Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ·Π΅Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π±-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ, Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ httpd (ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ «ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ» ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°»).