ΠΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΈ
In this work, a model is developed that describes the formation of a stepped lightning leader in a conducting medium. To describe the contribution of the conductivity currents, we modified the standard electrostatic equation taking into account the vortex component of the electric field. As a result of this generalization, a system of parabolic-type nonlinear equations is formulated that… Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ >
ΠΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΈ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ)
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π§ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² 1/100, 1/200 ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ ΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. Π Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π²Π΅ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π» ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄. Π ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Ρ , ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ². Π£ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΠΎΠ± ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ — ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠ΄, ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ.
In this work, a model is developed that describes the formation of a stepped lightning leader in a conducting medium. To describe the contribution of the conductivity currents, we modified the standard electrostatic equation taking into account the vortex component of the electric field. As a result of this generalization, a system of parabolic-type nonlinear equations is formulated that describes the formation of streamers and the lightning channel. Numerical simulation of the propagation of ionization waves in a region with a ratio of 1/100, 1/200 allows us to identify two types of stepped streamers in the form of waves of compression and rarefaction, respectively. It was previously established that there are three streamer branching mechanisms. The first mechanism is related to the instability of the front, which leads to the separation of the head of the streamer into two parts. The second mechanism is associated with the instability of the streamer in the base region, which leads to the branching of the streamer with the formation of a large number of lateral streamers closing the main channel of the streamer to the cathode. In numerical experiments, the third branching mechanism observed in experiments connected with closing the space charge to the anode through the streamer system was observed. These branching mechanisms are also revealed when the leader is propagated. The obtained results, as well as the data of numerical experiments confirm the hypothesis of the universality of the minimal model of the streamer, as well as its expansion in the form proposed by the author. Known phenomena of nature associated with the electrical discharge — streamer, plasmoid, ball lightning and stepped leader can be described within the framework of the minimal model.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°: ΠΠΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ, Π‘Π’Π ΠΠΠΠ , Π ΠΠΠ Π―Π, ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠΠ, ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ―, Π‘Π’Π£ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ’Π«Π ΠΠΠΠΠ , ΠΠΠΠΠΠ―, ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ, ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ.
Doi: 10.21 515/1990;4665−131−063 Keywords: ELECTRIC FIELD, STREAMER, PLASMOID, DISCHARGE, BRANCHING, IONIZATION, MATHEMATICAL MODELING, STEPPED LEADER.