ΠΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ)
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ΠΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ) (ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ)
Π Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ:
ΠΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. Π§ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ a * Π½Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π°Π±ΠΎ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ n, ΡΠΊΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ x *, ΡΠΎ x2 (mod n). Π―ΠΊΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ x Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ a Π½Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ² Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ n ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Qn, Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ² — ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· . ΠΠ° ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ 0 Zn*, ΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅ 0 ΡΠ° 0 .
Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΉ p — Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ, g — Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ Zp*. Π’ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ a Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ p ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈ a = gi (mod p), Π΄Π΅ i — ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ»Π΅.
ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ. Π―ΠΊΡΠΎ a = g2k (mod p), ΡΠΎ a = b2 (mod p), Π΄Π΅ b = gk (mod p).
ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΉ a = gk (mod p) — Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Zp*. ΠΡΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ:
a2 = g2k (mod p) (mod p). ΠΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ 2k (mod p — 1) = i — ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π·Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° a * ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ gi (mod p) Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ i.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ. | Qp | = (p — 1) / 2, | | = (p — 1) / 2.
Π’ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Zp* Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π° — Π½Ρ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄. Π§ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ a = 3 Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Z7*. Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ a Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡ.
I. | |||||||
ai mod 7. |
ΠΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈ Q7 = {1, 2, 4}, = {3, 5, 6}.
Π‘Ρ Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΠΆΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠ° Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»:
Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ * Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ = Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ * Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ = Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ * Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ = Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠ° Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ² Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΡ Z7*.
2, 4: 2 * 4 = 8.
2, 5 g alt="" src="data:image/*-base64,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" >: 2 * 5 = 10 mg alt="" src="data:image/*-base64,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" >
5 mg alt="" src="data:image/*-base64,AQAJAAADyQAAAAMAFQAAAAAABQAAAAkCAAAAAAQAAAACAQEABQAAAAEC////AAQAAAAuARgABQAAADECAQAAAAUAAAALAgAAAAAFAAAADAKAAkACEgAAACYGDwAaAP////8AABAAAADA////rv///wACAAAuAgAACwAAACYGDwAMAE1hdGhUeXBlAABgAAkAAAD6AgAAEAAAAAAAAAAiAAQAAAAtAQAABQAAABQCWgBAAAUAAAATAloAPAEVAAAA+wLg/gAAAAAAAJABAAAAAAQCABBUaW1lcyBOZXcgUm9tYW4AOQAEAAAALQEBAAgAAAAyCioCYwEBAAAANwAVAAAA+wKA/gAAAAAAAJABAAAAAAQCABBUaW1lcyBOZXcgUm9tYW4AvOMEAAAALQECAAQAAADwAQEACAAAADIKwAE0AAEAAABRAAoAAAAmBg8ACgD/////AQAAAAAAEAAAAPsCEAAHAAAAAAC8AgAAAAABAgIiU3lzdGVtAG4EAAAALQEBAAQAAADwAQIAAwAAAAAA" >, 6 g alt="" src="data:image/*-base64,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" >: 5 * 6 = 30.
Π’Π²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΉ n — Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» p ΡΠ° q, n = p * q. Π’ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ a * Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ n ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈ a ΡΠ° a. ΠΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈ |Qn| = |Qp| * |Qq| = (p — 1)(q — 1) / 4 ΡΠ° | | = 3 (p — 1)(q — 1) / 4.
ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄. ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΉ n = 21. Π’ΠΎΠ΄Ρ |Q21| = (2 * 6) / 4 = 3, Q21 = {1, 4, 16},.
| | =. (3 * 2 * 6) / 4 = 9, = {2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20}.
ΠΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΉ a. Π―ΠΊΡΠΎ x * Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ x2 (mod n), ΡΠΎ x Π½Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° a Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ n.
Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΉ p — ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, p (mod 4), a. Π’ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²’ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½Π½Ρ.
x2 (mod p).
Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° r ΡΠ°r, Π΄Π΅ r = (mod p).
ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ. r2 math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" >ap+12 (mod p) math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" >ap+1 (mod p) math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" >ap-1a2 (mod p) math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" >1a2 (mod p) (mod p), ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡ Π€Π΅ΡΠΌΠ° ap-1 (mod p) 1.
ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ ΠΠΉΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ a — ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ p, ΡΠΎ.
math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" >ap-12 (mod p) = 1.
ΠΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ p ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ p = 4m + 3 Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ m, ΡΠΎ = 2m + 1. Π’ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ = mod p), (mod p). ΠΡΠ·ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½Ρ Π»ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ:
ath xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" >a (mod p).
ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄. ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ° Π² Z11*.
p = 11 — ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, p (mod 4), = 3.
: 53 (mod 11) -4 (mod 11).
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°: 42 (mod 11) 72 (mod 11).
: 33 (mod 11) -5 (mod 11).
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°: 52 (mod 11) 62 (mod 11).
Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΉ n = p * q, Π΄Π΅ p, q — Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π°. Π§ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ, Π° * Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ n ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π° Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ p ΡΠ° q. Π’ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ, Π° ΡΠ° Π°.
ΠΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈ |Qn| = |Qp| * |Qq| = (p — 1)(q — 1) / 4.
ΠΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄. ΠΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΉ n = 21 = 3 * 7. Π° 1 ΡΠ°, Π° .
Q3 = {1}, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 21 Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ 3: {1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19}.
Q7 = {1, 2, 4}, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 21 Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ 7: {1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 11, 15,16,18}.
|Q21| = |Q3| * |Q7| = 1 * 3 = 3. Π§ΠΈΡΠ»Π°, ΡΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ Π² Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ, Ρ Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ 21.
Q21 = {1, 4, 16}.